Self-renewal is the capability for stem cells to divide to create more stem cells, to replenish the stem cells, and to create further specialized cells. In the “Introduction,” the authors describe what they consider the foremost characteristics of stem cells, their capability for self-renewal and their plasticity. The authors explain that both types of stem cells have great potential for future medical therapies, and that in their article they aim to discuss the therapeutic advantages and disadvantages of each. However, scientists had recently developed technology to create iPS cells, which have their own set of advantages and potential applications for regenerative medicine. MSCs, they assert, are relatively easy to obtain in high amounts and have the ability to differentiate into other cell types. They start by asserting that various researchers have been interested in studying regenerative medicine using MSCs. In the “Abstract,” the authors describe the motivation behind their article. In the “Conclusion,” the authors give final thoughts on regenerative medicine stating that there is not enough information at the date of publication in 2015 to make a final decision as to which may be the best option for regenerative medicine. In “Clinical Perspectives of Mesenchymal and iPS cells,” the authors describe the potential and actual uses of both MSCs and iPS cells in medical research. Similarly, in their next section, “iPS cells,” the authors look at the advantages and disadvantages of iPS cells. Then, they continue with examples of the similarities and differences between MSCs and iPS cells in “General Characteristics of Stem Cells.” In their next section, “MSC,” the authors further examine the benefits and disadvantages of using MSCs in certain types of research. In the “Introduction,” the authors provide operational definitions for the different types of stem cells. In the Abstract, they state their goal is to discuss the therapeutic advantages of both mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells. Zomer and colleagues separate “Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells” into six major sections and an abstract. The authors were all involved with stem cell research. Vidane was a research professor, and Carlos E. Gonçalves were both graduate students, Antanásio S. The authors of “Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells” all worked at the University of São Paulo in São Paulo, Brazil, in the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Stem cells that can only differentiate into a limited number of other kinds of cells, rather than any kind as pluripotent cells can, are called multipotent. Unlike pluripotent embryonic stem cells, stem cells found in adults cannot turn into as many cell types. For example, stem cells found in certain structures in the adult body have a limited range of cells into which they differentiate. While pluripotent stem cells are able to differentiate into different types of cells, not all stem cells can. For example, if a stem cell differentiates into a liver cell, it gains the traits of cells in the liver to help process toxins from the blood. When a cell differentiates it gains characteristics of specific types of cells in the body. When pluripotent stem cells divide, the resulting cells can either remain as stem cells or differentiate into more mature, specialized cells. The authors discuss pluripotent stem cells, which can divide and multiply indefinitely and are important within the embryonic phase since they can differentiate into many different kinds of cells in an organism. Zomer and colleagues assert that both MSCs and iPS cells have the potential to be used for a variety of applications in regenerative medicine. The authors specifically evaluate the potential applications of MSCs and iPS cells for regenerative medicine, or the field of medicine that focuses on developing methods to regrow or repair damaged cells, organs, or tissues. Stem cells are a special cell type that can develop into any other type of cells and are essential for development. The authors review the biology of three types of stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or ESCs, mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. Zomer and colleagues published the review article “Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: General Insights and Clinical Perspectives,” hereafter “Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells,” in Stem Cells and Cloning: Advances and Applications. “Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: General Insights and Clinical Perspectives” (2015), by Helena D.
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